سر فصلها
Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems
• Distributions
• Embedded Systems
• Linux in the Cloud • Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)
• CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat, SUSE
• Linux Mint, Scientific Linux
• Raspberry Pi, Raspbian
• Android
Major Open Source Applications
• Desktop applications
• Server applications
• Development languages
• Package management tools and repositories
• OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP
• Nextcloud, ownCloud
• Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MariaDB, MySQL, NFS, Samba
• C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, shell, Python, PHP
• dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum
Open Source Software and Licensing
• Open source philosophy
• Open source licensing
• Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)
• Copyleft, Permissive
• GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
• Free Software, Open Source Software, FOSS, FLOSS
• Open source business models
• Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)
ICT Skills and Working in Linux
• Desktop skills
• Getting to the command line
• Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization • Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content
• Terminal and console
• Password issues
• Privacy issues and tools
• Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects
Finding Your Way on a Linux System
Command Line Basics
• Basic shell
• Command line syntax
• Variables
• Quoting
• Bash
• echo
• history
• PATH environment variable
• export
• type
Using the Command Line to Get Help
• Man pages
• Info pages • man
• info
• /usr/share/doc/
• locate
Using Directories and Listing Files
• Files, directories
• Hidden files and directories
• Home directories
• Absolute and relative paths
• Common options for ls
• Recursive listings
• cd
• . and ..
• home and ~
Creating, Moving and Deleting Files
• Files and directories
• Case sensitivity
• Simple globbing
• mv, cp, rm, touch
• mkdir, rmdir
The Power of the Command Line
Archiving Files on the Command Line
• Files, directories
• Archives, compression
• tar
• Common tar options
• gzip, bzip2, xz
• zip, unzip
Searching and Extracting Data from Files
• Command line pipes
• I/O redirection
• Basic Regular Expressions using ., [ ], *, and ? • grep
• less
• cat, head, tail
• sort
• cut
• wc
Turning Commands into a Script
• Basic shell scripting
• Awareness of common text editors (vi and nano) • #! (shebang)
• /bin/bash
• Variables
• Arguments
• for loops
• echo
• Exit status
The Linux Operating System
Choosing an Operating System
• Differences between Windows, OS X and Linux
• Distribution life cycle management
• GUI versus command line, desktop configuration
• Maintenance cycles, beta and stable
Understanding Computer Hardware
• Hardware
• Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals
• Hard drives, solid state disks and partitions, /dev/sd*
• Drivers
Where Data is Stored
Description:
Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system
• Programs and configuration
• Processes
• Memory addresses
• System messaging
• Logging
• ps, top, free
• syslog, dmesg
• /etc/, /var/log/
• /boot/, /proc/, /dev/, /sys/
Your Computer on the Network
Description: Querying vital networking configuration and determining the basic requirements for a computer on a Local Area Network (LAN).
• Internet, network, routers
• Querying DNS client configuration
• Querying network configuration
• route, ip route show
• ifconfig, ip addr show
• netstat, ss
• /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts
• IPv4, IPv6
• ping
• host
Security and File Permissions
Basic Security and Identifying User Types
Description: Various types of users on a Linux system
• Root and standard users
• System users • /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group
• id, last, who, w
• sudo, su
Creating Users and Groups
Description:
Creating users and groups on a Linux system.
• User and group commands
• User IDs
• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel/
• useradd, groupadd
• passwd
Managing File Permissions and Ownership
Description: Understanding and manipulating file permissions and ownership settings.
• File and directory permissions and ownership
• ls -l, ls -a
• chmod, chown
Special Directories and Files
Description:
Special directories and files on a Linux system including special permissions.
• Using temporary files and directories
• Symbolic links
• /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and Sticky Bit
• ls -d
• ln -s
System Architecture
Determine and configure hardware settings
• Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
• Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
• Determine hardware resources for devices.
• Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
• Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
• Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.
• /sys/
• /proc/
• /dev/
• modprobe
• lsmod
• lspci
• lsusb
Boot the system
• Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
• Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
• Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
• Awareness of Upstart.
• Check boot events in the log files.
• dmesg
• journalctl
• BIOS
• UEFI
• bootloader
• kernel
• initramfs
• init
• SysVinit
• systemd
Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system
• Set the default runlevel or boot target.
• Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
• Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
• Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
• Properly terminate processes.
• Awareness of acpid.
• /etc/inittab
• shutdown
• init
• /etc/init.d/
• telinit
• systemd
• systemctl
• /etc/systemd/
• /usr/lib/systemd/
• wall
Linux Installation and Package Management
Design hard disk layout
• Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
• Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
• Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
• Knowledge of basic features of LVM.
• / (root) filesystem
• /var filesystem
• /home filesystem
• /boot filesystem
• EFI System Partition (ESP)
• swap space
• mount points
• partitions
Install a boot manager
• Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
• Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
• Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
• Interact with the boot loader. • menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
• grub-install
• grub-mkconfig
• MBR
Manage shared libraries
• Identify shared libraries.
• Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
• Load shared libraries.
• ldd
• ldconfig
• /etc/ld.so.conf
• LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Use Debian package management
• Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
• Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
• Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
• Awareness of apt.
• /etc/apt/sources.list
• dpkg
• dpkg-reconfigure
• apt-get
• apt-cache
Linux as a virtualization guest
• Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers.
• Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking.
• Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template.
• Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers.
• Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product.
• Awareness of cloud-init.
• Virtual machine
• Linux container
• Application container
• Guest drivers
• SSH host keys
• D-Bus machine id
GNU and Unix Commands
Work on the command line
• Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
• Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
• Use and edit command history.
• Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.
• bash
• echo
• env
• export
• pwd
• set
• unset
• type
• which
• man
• uname
• history
• .bash_history
• Quoting
Process text streams using filters
• Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.
• bzcat
• cat
• cut
• head
• less
• md5sum
• nl
• od
• paste
• sed
• sha256sum
• sha512sum
• sort
• split
• tail
• tr
• uniq
• wc
• xzcat
• zcat
Perform basic file management
• Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
• Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
• Remove files and directories recursively.
• Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
• Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
• Usage of tar, cpio and dd. • cp
• find
• mkdir
• mv
• ls
• rm
• rmdir
• touch
• tar
• cpio
• dd
• file
• gzip
• gunzip
• bzip2
• bunzip2
• xz
• unxz
• file globbing
Use streams, pipes and redirects
• Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
• Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
• Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
• Send output to both stdout and a file.
• tee
• xargs
Create, monitor and kill processes
• Run jobs in the foreground and background.
• Signal a program to continue running after logout.
• Monitor active processes.
• Select and sort processes for display.
• Send signals to processes. • &
• bg
• fg
• jobs
• kill
• nohup
• ps
• top
• free
• uptime
• pgrep
• pkill
• killall
• watch
• screen
• tmux
Modify process execution priorities
• Know the default priority of a job that is created.
• Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
• Change the priority of a running process.
• nice
• ps
• renice
• top
Search text files using regular expressions
• Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
• Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
• Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
• Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
• Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text. • grep
• egrep
• fgrep
• sed
• regex(7)
Basic file editing
• Navigate a document using vi.
• Understand and use vi modes.
• Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
• Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
• Configure the standard editor.
• vi
• /, ?
• h,j,k,l
• i, o, a
• d, p, y, dd, yy
• ZZ, :w!, :q!
• EDITOR
Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Create partitions and filesystems
• Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
• Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
o ext2/ext3/ext4
o XFS
o VFAT
o exFAT
• Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.
• fdisk
• gdisk
• parted
• mkfs
• mkswap
Maintain the integrity of filesystems
• Verify the integrity of filesystems.
• Monitor free space and inodes.
• Repair simple filesystem problems.
• du
• df
• fsck
• e2fsck
• mke2fs
• tune2fs
• xfs_repair
• xfs_fsr
• xfs_db
Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems
• Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
• Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
• Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
• Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
• Awareness of systemd mount units. • /etc/fstab
• /media/
• mount
• umount
• blkid
• lsblk
Manage file permissions and ownership
• Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
• Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
• Know how to change the file creation mask.
• Use the group field to grant file access to group members. • chmod
• umask
• chown
• chgrp
Create and change hard and symbolic links
• Create links.
• Identify hard and/or soft links.
• Copying versus linking files.
• Use links to support system administration tasks.
• ln
• ls
Find system files and place files in the correct location
• Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
• Find files and commands on a Linux system.
• Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.
• find
• locate
• updatedb
• whereis
• which
• type
• /etc/updatedb.conf
Administrative Tasks
Manage user and group accounts and related system files
• Add, modify and remove users and groups.
• Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
• Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
• /etc/passwd
• /etc/shadow
• /etc/group
• /etc/skel/
• chage
• getent
• groupadd
• groupdel
• groupmod
• passwd
• useradd
• userdel
• usermod
Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs
• Manage cron and at jobs.
• Configure user access to cron and at services.
• Understand systemd timer units.
• /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
• /etc/at.deny
• /etc/at.allow
• /etc/crontab
• /etc/cron.allow
• /etc/cron.deny
• /var/spool/cron/
• crontab
• at
• atq
• atrm
• systemctl
• systemd-run
Localisation and internationalisation
• Configure locale settings and environment variables.
• Configure timezone settings and environment variables.
• /etc/timezone
• /etc/localtime
• /usr/share/zoneinfo/
• LC_*
• LC_ALL
• LANG
• TZ
• /usr/bin/locale
• tzselect
• timedatectl
• date
• iconv
• UTF-8
• ISO-8859
• ASCII
• Unicode
Essential System Services
Maintain system time
• Set the system date and time.
• Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
• Configure the correct timezone.
• Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
• Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
• Awareness of the ntpq command.
• /usr/share/zoneinfo/
• /etc/timezone
• /etc/localtime
• /etc/ntp.conf
• /etc/chrony.conf
• date
• hwclock
• timedatectl
• ntpd
• ntpdate
• chronyc
• pool.ntp.org
System logging
• Basic configuration of rsyslog.
• Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
• Query the systemd journal.
• Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority.
• Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size.
• Delete old systemd journal data.
• Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy.
• Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald.
• Configuration of logrotate.
• Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.
• /etc/rsyslog.conf
• /var/log/
• logger
• logrotate
• /etc/logrotate.conf
• /etc/logrotate.d/
• journalctl
• systemd-cat
• /etc/systemd/journald.conf
• /var/log/journal/
Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics
• Create e-mail aliases.
Configure e-mail forwarding. Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration). • ~/.forward
• sendmail emulation layer commands
• newaliases
• mail
• mailq
• postfix
• sendmail
• exim
Manage printers and printing
• Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
• Manage user print queues.
• Troubleshoot general printing problems.
• Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues. • CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
• /etc/cups/
• lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
Networking Fundamentals
Fundamentals of internet protocols
• Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
• Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
• Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
• Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
• Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
• Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.
• /etc/services
• IPv4, IPv6
• Subnetting
• TCP, UDP, ICMP
Persistent network configuration
• Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration.
• Configure ethernet and wi-fi network using NetworkManager.
• Awareness of systemd-networkd.
• /etc/hostname
• /etc/hosts
• /etc/nsswitch.conf
• /etc/resolv.conf
• nmcli
• hostnamectl
Basic network troubleshooting
• Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
• Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
• Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
• Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.
• ip
• hostname
• ss
• ping
• ping6
• traceroute
• traceroute6
• tracepath
• tracepath6
• netcat
• ifconfig
• netstat
• route
Configure client side DNS
• Query remote DNS servers.
• Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
• Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
• Debug errors related to name resolution.
• Awareness of systemd-resolved. • /etc/hosts
• /etc/resolv.conf
• /etc/nsswitch.conf
• host
• dig
• getent
Security
Perform security administration tasks
• Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
• Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
• Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
• Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
• Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
• Basic sudo configuration and usage.
• find
• passwd
• fuser
• lsof
• nmap
• chage
• netstat
• sudo
• /etc/sudoers
• su
• usermod
• ulimit
• who, w, last
Setup host security
• Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
• Turn off network services not in use.
• Understand the role of TCP wrappers. • /etc/nologin
• /etc/passwd
• /etc/shadow
• /etc/xinetd.d/
• /etc/xinetd.conf
• systemd.socket
• /etc/inittab
• /etc/init.d/
• /etc/hosts.allow
• /etc/hosts.deny
Securing data with encryption
• Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
• Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
• Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
• Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
• Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels). • ssh
• ssh-keygen
• ssh-agent
• ssh-add
• ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
• ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
• ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
• ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
• /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
• /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
• /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
• /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
• ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
• ssh_known_hosts
• gpg
• gpg-agent
• ~/.gnupg/